Prolegomenon to an Intellectual History of Administrative Law in the Twentieth Century: The Case of John Willis and Canadian Administrative Law

The intellectual legal history-the history of ideas--of modern administrative law has yet to be written. The first part of this article suggests that one way to approach this necessary task is to posit the writings of leading administrative law thinkers in the context of cases, controversies, doctrines, events, and movements throughout the twentieth century. The work of pioneer administrative lawyer John Willis is used to exemplify this type of contextualized intellectual legal history. The second part of this article seeks to gauge Willis\u27s influence on the development of Canadian administrative law

The Impact of Freedom of Information Legislation on Criminal Discovery in Comparative Common Law Perspective

This Article examines the effect of freedom of information legislation on criminal discovery in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. While all of these countries share the common law tradition and have comparable freedom of information legislation, Professor Taggart notes that the impact of that legislation on the law and practice of criminal discovery varies in each country. The United States courts generally have resisted attempts by criminal defendants to gain access to a wider range of material under the Freedom of Information Act than available by conventional discovery. So far the courts are unwilling to allow that Act to supplement, and thereby possibly supercede, the discovery provisions of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Examination of freedom of information legislation in Canada discloses little likely impact on the law and practice of criminal discovery. At the federal level, broad law enforcement exemptions nullify the practical use of the Access to Information Act by criminal defendants. Provincial freedom of information legislation in Canada either exempts from disclosure material desired by criminal defendants, does not cover law enforcement agencies or prosecutorial authorities, or, to date, has not been used for criminal discovery. The language of Australia\u27s federal and state freedom of information Acts appears to allow scope for criminal discovery-motivated requests by criminal defendants. Courts and administrative tribunals, however, have been hostile to freedom of information requests in aid of criminal discovery. Criminal defendants seeking broader disclosure than conventional criminal discovery allows have had much greater success under New Zealand\u27s Official Information Act. The key New Zealand case interpreting the reach of that Act held that criminal investigations by the police, before criminal charges are laid, will be protected from disclosure; however, once criminal proceedings are begun, the Act has been interpreted in favor of disclosure. At this point, the defendant\u27s right to a fair trial has been said to prevail over the interest in investigative secrecy

Prolegomenon to an Intellectual History of Administrative Law in the Twentieth Century: The Case of John Willis and Canadian Administrative Law

The intellectual legal history-the history of ideas--of modern administrative law has yet to be written. The first part of this article suggests that one way to approach this necessary task is to posit the writings of leading administrative law thinkers in the context of cases, controversies, doctrines, events, and movements throughout the twentieth century. The work of pioneer administrative lawyer John Willis is used to exemplify this type of contextualized intellectual legal history. The second part of this article seeks to gauge Willis\u27s influence on the development of Canadian administrative law

Recurring patterns in stationary intervals of abdominal uterine electromyograms during gestation

Abdominal uterine electromyograms (uEMG) studies have focused on uterine contractions to describe the evolution of uterine activity and preterm birth (PTB) prediction. Stationary, non-contracting uEMG has not been studied. The aim of the study was to investigate the recurring patterns in stationary uEMG, their relationship with gestation age and PTB, and PTB predictivity. A public database of 300 (38 PTB) three-channel (S1-S3) uEMG recordings of 30 min, collected between 22 and 35 weeks' gestation, was used. Motion and labour contraction-free intervals in uEMG were identified as 5-min weak-sense stationarity intervals in 268 (34 PTB) recordings. Sample entropy (SampEn), percentage recurrence (PR), percentage determinism (PD), entropy (ER), and maximum length (L MAX) of recurrence were calculated and analysed according to the time to delivery and PTB. Random time series were generated by random shuffle (RS) of actual data. Recurrence was present in actual data (p<0.001) but not RS. In S3, PR (p<0.005), PD (p<0.01), ER (p<0.005), and L MAX (p<0.05) were higher, and SampEn lower (p<0.005) in PTB. Recurrence indices increased (all p<0.001) and SampEn decreased (p<0.01) with decreasing time to delivery, suggesting increasingly regular and recurring patterns with gestation progression. All indices predicted PTB with AUC≥0.62 (p<0.05). Recurring patterns in stationary non-contracting uEMG were associated with time to delivery but were relatively poor predictors of PTB

Sheperd Community Campgrounds Cabin

Students will design a small cabin building that will fit into the proposed camp near Columbus Ohio currently under consideration by Shepherd Church of the Nazarene in Gahanna Ohio. The design will include architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical design. Substantial completion of design documents is required

An evolutionary perspective on Elovl5 fatty acid elongase: comparison of Northern pike and duplicated paralogs from Atlantic salmon

BACKGROUND The ability to produce physiologically critical LC-PUFA from dietary fatty acids differs greatly among teleost species, and is dependent on the possession and expression of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase genes. Atlantic salmon, as a result of a recently duplicated genome, have more of these enzymes than other fish. Recent phylogenetic studies show that Northern pike represents the closest extant relative of the preduplicated ancestral salmonid. Here we characterise a pike fatty acyl elongase, elovl5, and compare it to Atlantic salmon elovl5a and elovl5b duplicates. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses show that Atlantic salmon paralogs are evolving symmetrically, and they have been retained in the genome by purifying selection. Heterologous expression in yeast showed that Northern pike Elovl5 activity is indistinguishable from that of the salmon paralogs, efficiently elongating C18 and C20 substrates. However, in contrast to salmon, pike elovl5 was predominantly expressed in brain with negligible expression in liver and intestine. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the predominant expression of Elovl5b in salmon liver and Elovl5a in salmon intestine is an adaptation, enabled by genome duplication, to a diet rich in terrestrial invertebrates which are relatively poor in LC-PUFA. Pike have retained an ancestral expression profile which supports the maintenance of PUFA in the brain but, due to a highly piscivorous LC-PUFA-rich diet, is not required in liver and intestine. Thus, the characterisation of elovl5 in Northern pike provides insights into the evolutionary divergence of duplicated genes, and the ecological adaptations of salmonids which have enabled colonisation of nutrient poor freshwaters

Upper Deschutes River Basin Prehistory: A Preliminary Examination of Flaked Stone Tools and Debitage

The prehistory of Central Oregon is explored through the examination of six archaeological sites and two isolated finds from the Upper Deschutes River Basin. Inquiry focuses on the land use, mobility, technological organization, and raw material procurement of the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. Archaeological data presented here are augmented with ethnographic accounts to inform interpretations. Eight stone tool assemblages and three debitage assemblages are analyzed in order to characterize technological organization. Diagnostic projectile points recovered from the study sites indicate the area was seasonally utilized prior to the eruption of ancient Mt. Mazama (>6,845 BP), and continuing until the Historic period (c. 1850). While there is evidence of human occupation at the study sites dating to between >7,000-150 B.P., the range of activities and intensity of occupation varied. Source characterization analysis indicates that eight different Central Oregon obsidian sources are represented at the sites. Results of the lithic analysis are presented in light of past environmental and social phenomena including volcanic eruptions, climate change, and human population movements. Chapter One introduces the key questions that directed the inquiry and defines the theoretical perspective used. Chapter Two describes the modem and ancient environmental context of study area. Topics of discussion include physiography, fauna, vegetation, geology, and climate. Chapter Three introduces the aboriginal inhabitants of the Upper Deschutes River Basin and summarizes past archeological investigations in the area. Hunter-gatherer land use and lithic technology are discussed in Chapter Four. The methods used to collect and analyze the data used in this study are presented in Chapter Five. Chapter Six summarizes the results of the technological lithic analysis and geochemical sourcing. The final chapter, Discussion and Conclusions, interprets the results with respect to cultural chronology, site function and distribution, land use and mobility, lithic technology, and raw material procurement